This paper presents key points raised and discussed at a workshop organised in Janakpur, the capital of Madhesh Province of Nepal, in July 2022, on agricultural and rural changes in the context of this high rate of international labour migration from the province. The workshop provided a unique opportunity to bring together farmers, returnee migrants, academics and relevant representatives from the provincial government to generate a dialogue around the divergent outcomes of migrant labour for rural communities, and the barriers and opportunities to harness remittances to support rural development.